PAPRIKA HIMALAYA Most recent glacier inventories in the Hindu Kush - Himalaya (HKH) regions report since the 1950s an acceleration of retreating rates. Evidences for reductions in snow cover extension and significant shrinkage of glaciers have also been recently reported in the HKH region, leading to much concern about future resources and water availability. The region encompasses the headwaters of several major river basins largely fed by glaciers and snow packs and any reduction in freshwater availability in HKH countries will have serious consequences on the life of millions of people.
Description PAPRIKA project “CryosPheric responses to Anthropogenic PRessures in the HIndu Kush-Himalaya regions: impacts on water resources and society adaptation in Nepal” is a four year project (2010-2013) funded by French National Research Agency - Planetary Environmental Changes (ANR – CEP 2009).
State of the art Glaciers and snow cover changes are recognised as high-confidence indicators of environmental changes and reaction to climate forcing. However, the mechanisms by which the cryospheric system is affected by climate change are complex and not resulting solely from global temperature rises. Glacier dynamics is influenced both by local variables and by large scale features such as, in the HKH region, the South Asian summer monsoon driving precipitation but also by recent changes due to increasing anthropogenic pressure.
The recent observations of very high atmospheric concentrations of pollutants in the remote regions of HKH leads to new concerns about faster melting of the cryosphere and, hence, water dynamics (storage, availability) in the drier regions.
Aims The PAPRIKA-Himalaya Project focuses on current and future evolution of the cryosphere system in response to global and regional environmental changes and their consequences on water resources in four main landscape units within Nepal. It addresses the driving physical and chemical processes acting on the evolution of the cryosphere, their evolution in a changing climate and their impact on water resource dynamics at regional scale. It also addresses perceptions and representations of the water resource and of changes in water availability, on subsequent adaptations already implemented, and on territorial and social restructurings taking into account people's indigenous knowledge on the potential changes in natural resources and environmental hazards.
Program PAPRIKA is divided into two main elements.
Element 1 (Water Resources Input, Climate and Anthropogenic Pressures on the Cryosphere, Climate, and Monsoon System) deals with a better understanding of physical processes driving the dynamics of the glacier/ snow / precipitation system in Nepal. It includes the development of new scientific knowledge in particular linked to the impact of BC on snow melting and delivers research results through the acquisition of atmospheric and glaciological data as well as the development of a modelling tool for the snow pack. Element 1 develops new scientific knowledge and implements the modelling tools (global / regional / local) and the downscaling methods used later in the projects.
Element 2 (Impact on the Water Resource System and Population) uses data and modelling outputs generated in Element 1 to provide a state-of-the-art integrated tool for analysing snow, glacier and water production responses to large-scale Monsoon dynamics and atmospheric aerosol loadings under different climate scenarios. It includes adaptation studies to understand effective perception of change by local communities and adaptation strategies.
Themes
- WP1 (Cryospheric resources: glacier melting and snow cover mapping) aims at quantifying the general trends of deglaciation.
- WP2 (Optically active material in atmosphere and snow: observation and modelling) addresses the variability of aerosol atmospheric concentrations and deposition in snow.
- WP3 (Climate and monsoon variability modelling) develops a clear understanding of monsoon dynamics and transport of aerosols.
- WP4 (Modelling the interaction between the snowpack, radiation, and the absorbing material deposited in snow) addresses the specific issue of enhanced snowpack melting due to the presence of absorbing material.
- WP5 (Integrated Atmosphere/Glacier/hydrology modelling) establish the methodology to form a water resources modelling hierarchy.
- WP6 (Perception of changes by populations and adaptation within the four Nepal geographic units) addresses changes in farming practices and social /territorial restructurings in the Himalayas.
- WP7 (Local communities Capacity building and dissemination) investigate how changes in natural resources and environmental hazards will be integrated to people’s traditional knowledge.
Targets
- To contribute to a more accurate assessment of glacier retreat and snow cover changes in the HKH region and a better understanding of the surface processes governing glacier and snow melt
- To quantify the relative contribution of seasonal snow cover and glaciers to regional water supply in the HKH region
- To evaluate the distribution and variability of absorbing aerosol particles from anthropogenic origin transported to the high altitude regions of HKH
- To establish and model the current energy budget of snow surfaces, including the effect of absorbing aerosols deposited in snow and their impact on water melting rates.
- To provide climate trends and scenarios at the regional level based upon an examination of results from an ensemble of models focussing on water availability and variability in the HKH region.
- To use these projections to quantify current and future water resource in the area of Nepal
- To study adaptation options of mountain communities to changes in water availability.
- To propose plausible adaptation strategies for changing risks, including analysis of their economic efficiency and benefits within the social welfare context.
Partners French partners: LTHE - Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement LGGE - Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l’Environnement HSM - Laboratoire Hydrosciences CEH - Centre d’Etudes Himalayennes PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, Territoires
International partners: DHM - Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal EV-K2-CNR, Italy ICIMOD - International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development NWCF - Nepal Water Conservation Foundation TU - Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Publications Click here for Paprika Himalaya publications.
PAPRIKA KARAKORUM The Hindu Kush – Himalaya - Karakorum region includes the sources of several river basins that are widely fed by merging glaciers and seasonal snow, representing a source of water for hundreds of thousands of people in India, China, Pakistan and Nepal. Every change in water regime of HKKH region and in drinking water availability could have critical consequences on local people, whose lives are depending upon these river basins. The monitoring of glaciers in Himalayan regions has been showing an evident reduction of snow cover and glacier size since the Fifties. On the contrary, glaciers in Karakorum region, in western Himalaya, do not show a reduction trend but, in some case, a slight extension is recorded. In HKKH region the meteo-climatic regime is complex since it is characterized by a dominance of summer monsoon on the east and by the importance of Western Meteorological systems (atmospheric perturbations coming from Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean sea) on the west. Therefore the global description of these mountain areas is scarcely useful while a careful analysis of several under-regions and of specific climatic and environmental dynamics active in each under-regions, is needed. For this reasons, PAPRIKA project is devoted to study some key areas in HKKH, with particular attention to cryosphere dynamics, water resources and atmospheric aerosol. Description CryosPheric responses to Anthropogenic PRessures in the HIndu Kush-Himalaya regions: impacts on water resources agriculture and society adaptation in Nepal and Pakistan: regional climate observations and future scenarios. SHARE-PAPRIKA is a three year project (2010-2014) composed of two sub-projects: PAPRIKA-KARAKORUM funded by Ev-K2-CNR and PAPRIKA-HIMALAYA funded by CNRS.
State of the art Glaciers and snow cover changes are recognised as high-confidence indicators of environmental changes and reaction to climate forcing. However, the mechanisms by which the cryospheric system is affected by climate change are complex and not resulting solely from global temperature rises.
Glacial dynamics is affected both from local variability and large-scale atmospheric circulation as, in HKKH region, the summer monsoon in Southern Asia, and the winter perturbation coming from Mediterranean and Atlantic. In addition to these effects, the increase of anthropic atmospheric pollutant, and in particular of carbonaceous aerosol (Black Carbon) is modifying atmospheric circulation and snow melting regime. Recent observations of high pollutants’ concentration in HKKH mountain region bring new concerns for a possible faster snow and glacier melting and, as a consequence, for a change in hydrological dynamics in drier regions. The recent observations of very high atmospheric concentrations of pollutants in the remote regions of HKH leads to new concerns about faster melting of the cryosphere and, hence, water dynamics (storage, availability) in the drier regions. Aims The PAPRIKA Project focuses on current and future evolution of the cryosphere system in response to global and regional environmental changes and their consequences on water resources in main landscape units within Nepal (PAPRIKA-NEPAL) and PAKISTAN (PAPRIKA-KARAKORUM).
It addresses the driving physical and chemical processes acting on the evolution of the cryosphere, their evolution in a changing climate and their impact on water resource dynamics at regional scale. It also addresses perceptions and representations of the water resource and of changes in water availability, on subsequent adaptations already implemented, and on territorial and social restructurings taking into account people's indigenous knowledge on the potential changes in natural resources and environmental hazards.
Program PAPRIKA-Karakorum is devoted to determining the effects of atmospheric aerosols, particularly Black Carbon (BC) and mineral dust, on glacier dynamics, on the hydrologic cycle and on water availability, using both in-situ and remotely-sensed data and an integrated modelling approach, with a specific focus on the Karakorum area and, in particular, on Baltoro glacier and the upper Indus basin in Pakistan.
The scientific goals of PAPRIKA-Karakorum are:
- Obtain a quantitative assessment of the current state of the atmospheric properties and circulation; aerosol load, deposition and chemical properties; glacier status, mass/energy balance and flow estimates; and hydrologic characteristics, including water quantity and quality, in the two study areas.
- Provide an ensemble of integrated modelling tools, based and validated on field and remotely sensed data (satellites and airborne radars), to obtain quantitative estimates of water availability and climate change impacts on agriculture, environment and ecosystems in the coming decades.
Themes
- Assess the effect of aerosols on the atmospheric circulation and on the processes associated with seasonal snow melt, glacier mass/energy balance and ice ablation.
- Study the interactions between western weather systems, particularly important for the Karakoram, and the snow and ice distribution.
- Understand and model the dynamics of partially debris-covered glaciers and quantify how debris-covered glaciers respond to climate change;.
- Develop downscaling procedures for stochastic parameterizations in regional climate models.
- Obtain an average representation, at regional scale, of cryospheric and hydrologic budgets by the use of remote sensing data, validated on field measurements.
- Build and validate an integrated modelling system that uses global climate models, includes a regional climate model with snow and ice interactions, and provides the input to hydrological models to estimate water availability in different scenarios of climate change and aerosol emissions.
Targets
- Obtain a quantitative assessment of the current state of the atmospheric properties and circulation; aeorosol load, deposition and chemical properties; glacier status, mass/energy balance and flow estimates; and hydrologic characteristics, including water quantity and quality, in the two study areas. The observational part of PAPRIKA-Karakorum will be devoted to high-altitude areas of the Karakorum in Pakistan, with a specific focus on the region of Baltoro glacier and the upper Indus basin.
- Provide an ensemble of integrated modelling tools, based and validated on field and remotely sensed data (satellites and airborne radars), to obtain quantitative estimates of water availability and climate change impacts on agriculture, environment and ecosystems in the coming decades (2010-2050).
- Develop strategies for capacity building, dissemination and information transfer to policy makers.
Partners
- ISAC-CNR, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima: A. Provenzale, P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, S. Decesari, C. Facchini, F. Fierli, S. Fuzzi, J. von Hardenberg, A. Marinoni, E. Palazzi.
- UNIMI, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano: C. Smiraglia, C. D'Agata, G. Diolaiuti, C. Mihalcea.
- BAW, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities: C. Mayer and coworkers.
- INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma: A. Zirizzotti, I. Tabacco, S. Urbini.
- POLIMI, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale, Infrastrutture Viarie, Rilevamento - Sez. Costruzioni Idrauliche e marittime, Idrologia (DIIAR-CIMI): R. Rosso, A. Bianchi, D. Bocchiola, B. Groppelli, M.C. Rulli, M. Soncini.
- ISE-CNR, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi: A. Lami, A. Marchetto.
- CMCC, Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change: A. Navarra, C. Cagnazzo, S. Gualdi.
- ICTP, International Center for Theoretical Physics: F. Giorgi, F. Solmon.
- TU Delft, Technical University Delft: M. Menenti and coworkers
- Ev-K2-CNR: E. Vuillermoz, F. Steffanoni, C. Belotti.
- SEED project: F. Mari and coworkers.
Publications Click HERE for Paprika Karakorum publications.
NANO - SHARE Description State of the art Aims Program Themes Targets Partners Publications
ABC Nepal South Asia is one of the most populated regions in the world with population densities of 100-500 persons km2, it is also experiencing the most rapid development and increasing demands for energy and mobility, industrial activities and vehicular traffic.
This leads to a growth of anthropogenic pollutant emissions, as pointed out in recent studies of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). These emissions increase the concentrations of aerosol, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors, promoting intense photochemical smog episodes and leading to the occurrence of the so-called Atmospheric Brown Clouds, particularly during the dry months . Studies concerning the Atmospheric Brown Clouds have shown that this polluted hazes blocks up to 15% of the sun's radiation causing a possible cooling of the ground and a heating of the atmosphere, which can affect monsoons and other rainfall patterns with negative consequences on the agriculture productivity. In particular, black carbon (BC) can impact on glacier’s life while ozone can damage cellular leaves in the forest ecosystem also favouring decreased carbon storage. Mountain areas are suitable sites for determining the “health conditions” of the atmosphere and where early detection of climate change is particularly effective. Thus, in these areas, continuous observations of atmospheric composition represent a fundamental aspect to well evaluate the impact of the human activities on the environment. In particular the Himalaya-Karakorum is an ideal site to study the vertical extension of the pollution over South Asia and its transport to Himalayan glaciers through the deep mountain valleys. Nevertheless, due to technical and logistic difficulties to carry out continuous measurements at high altitude, no systematic observations of atmospheric constituents were available in this area still now.
These reasons encourage Ev-K2-CNR to pursue the idea of creating a network of stations, in the framework of SHARE project, for studying climate and atmosphere. The first step of this action led to the installation, in collaboration with UNEP, of a remote monitoring station (the Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid) in the high South Himalayas.
Description The Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid (Nepal, 27.95N, 86.82E, 5079 m a.s.l.) has been installed in February 2006 in the high Khumbu Valley, above the timber line in a rocky and mossy environment not far from the base camp area of Mt. Everest. The Observatory is running in the framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds Project (ABC) of UNEP, and is part of AERONET network and WMO-GAW program. Since 2010 NCO-P is a global GAW station. The instrument set-up was defined in accordance with “ABC” Project standards (Ramanathan et al., 2006) and includes: (a) a surface ozone analyser, (b) a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer which measures aerosol light absorption also allowing the determination of the BC concentration in atmosphere, (c) a Differential/Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer to determine the aerosol size distribution from 10 to 500 nm, (d) an optical particle counter to complete the aerosol size distribution till 32 µm also allowing to reconstruction of aerosol mass, (e) a three wavelength integrating nephelometer to determine aerosol total and back scattering coefficients, (f) a sun photometer for measuring the aerosol optical depth, (g) a high volume aerosol sampler for chemical analyses, (h) a “clean” sampling device to collect grab air samples for halocarbons analyses, (i) a pyranometer for measuring the global solar irradiance, (j) a pirgeometer for measuring the downwelling infra-red irradiance, (k) a meteorological unit measuring temperature, pressure, relative humidity, rain, wind intensity and direction. The power needed to carry out the experimental activity (~ 3 kW) is provided by 96 photovoltaic panels with 120 electric storage cells. A satellite connection makes remote control of the devices and instrumentation possible so that operating instruments can be directly accessed from ISAC-CNR (Bologna, Italy) Headquarter. Quality control for instrumentation and data are continuously performed according to GAW-WMO, AERONET, EUSAAR, AGAGE and CEOP procedures.
A second station of the SHARE network will be installed in Pakistan. Preliminary studies are currently ongoing in order to identify the most representative area in the Gilgiit-Baltistan Region.
State of the art Besides proving an accurate description of the atmospheric background conditions over South Himalayas, the observations carried out at NCO-P since 2006 revealed that Brown Cloud “hot spots” can influence the high Himalayas during the pre-monsoon, with very high levels of BC, ozone, fine and coarse particles, and scattering coefficient. During this season 20% of the days were characterised by a strong Brown Cloud influence during the afternoon, leading to a 5-fold increased in the BC and PM1 values, in comparison with seasonal means. As deduced by NCO-P research activity, in average, about 20% of the year is characterized by synoptic transport events of mineral dust and that more than 50% coming from Tibetan Plateau and Lot and Tar Deserts. The presence of absorbing aerosol can locally induce an additional top of the atmosphere forcing of 10 to 20 Wm−2 for the first atmospheric layer inducing a substantial decrease of the amount of radiation reaching the surface. In spite of being located at the heart of a very remote area, the NCO-P is affected by advection of significant constituents of the Brown Cloud: BC, dust particles and ozone from the regions of southern Asia and the Indo-Gangetic plains, able to influence climate and the atmospheric radiative forcing. Similar studies are foreseen in the Karakorum - Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan where two AWSs were installed on the Baltoro glacier in order to provide further information on the atmospheric characteristics of this region.
Aims The main aims of SHARE-ABC Pilot Project can be summarized in 6 points:
- To characterize chemical, physical and optical properties of aerosol in Himalaya and Karakorum and study of related climatic impacts;
- To study the influence of ABC on atmospheric composition in the Himalaya and Karakorum.
- To study the influence of natural processes, such as mineral dust transport and stratospheric intrusions, on atmospheric composition in the Himalaya and Karakorum;
- To define the variability of climate-altering and reactive compounds in the Himalayan-Karakorum mountain regions (from the short to the long temporal scales)
- To study the interaction between Himalayan-Karakorum mountain ranges and atmospheric circulation (from the synoptic to the local scales)
- To study deposition processes of the absorbing fraction of aerosol particles and the related changes in snow-ice albedo
- Attaining these aims will allow to study the impacts on climate and atmosphere of the natural and anthropogenic phenomena at different time and space scales (global and regional), providing precious information in a very little known area. This information will be available for scientific community and for policy makers, in order to define strategies for mitigations and adaptations to climate change.
Program Future activities within SHARE-ABC pilot project are related to the prosecution of atmospheric composition and meteorological observations in Himalaya, in order to study the long term background conditions as well as vertical air mass exchange (e.g. stratospheric intrusions). Evaluation of changes in intensity / frequency of pollution and mineral dust transports will permit to estimate the trend of atmospheric radiative forcing. Furthermore, the interaction between local valley circulation and synoptic circulation will be investigated in order to better assess the influence of biomass burning and mineral dust on atmospheric composition and optical active aerosol at NCO-P. One of the future goals is to define an objective methodology to differentiate background and polluted air masses. The implementation of experimental set up is linked to the feasibility of an extension of the renewable power supply. We planned implementation of solar radiation observation with the ultraviolet radiation and CO measurements, in order to provide information on combustion sources and air mass aging. Moreover samplings of snow for determination of BC concentrations have been started, with the aim to study the impact of BC deposition on snow albedo at the Changri Nup glacier in the Khumbu valley.
Themes Principal themes of the studies carried out in the ABC-Nepal Pilot projects are:
- Investigation of the transport to high altitudes through the Himalayan valley of Atmospheric Brown Cloud and its vertical extension.
- Study of background variability of climate-altering and reactive compounds in the South Himalayas.
- Investigation of the role of air-mass transport to the variability of ozone and other trace gases in the Himalayan free troposphere.
- Study of mineral dust transport to South Himalayas: identification of main source areas and climate impacts.
- Study of the radiative forcing of absorbing aerosols at high altitudes and their interaction with monsoon circulation.
- Study of the deposition of absorbing particles on snow and ice surfaces and evaluation of the related impact on melting enhancement.
Targets
- To determine the temporal trends of trace gases and climate altering gases (O3, HCFC, HFC, CFC, ...);
- To determine the temporal trends of several aerosol parameters (black carbon, PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients);
- To identify contributions of stratospheric air-mass intrusions to the surface ozone concentration;
- To identify mineral dust transport from North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia, evaluate the mass contribution to PM10, their chemical composition and physico-chemical properties;
- To identify the contribution of polluted air mass transport (local, regional, long range) to the concentration of gaseous and particle atmospheric compounds;
- To identify the measurement periods characterised by background conditions at NCO-P;
- To evaluate the radiative forcing variation linked to transport of air masses rich in natural or anthropogenic aerosol
- To evaluate the relationship between atmospheric and snow/ice concentrations of absorbing aerosol in the high Khumbu valley.
Partners
- CNR-ISAC (Paolo Bonasoni, Paolo Cristofanelli, Angela Marinoni, Rocco Duchi, Ubaldo Bonafé, Francescopiero Calzolari, Fabrizio Roccato, Sandro Fuzzi, Cristina Facchini, Stefano Decesari, Gian Paolo Gobbi, Federico Angelini)
- CNRS-LGGE (Paolo Laj, Paolo Villani, Olivier Laurent)
- Urbino University (Michela Maione, Jgor Arduini)
- CNRS-LaMP (Karine Sellegri, Hervé Venzac, Jean-Marc Pichon)
- ENEA (Giorgio Di Sarra, Claudia Di Biagio)
- NASA Goddard (Teppei Yasunari, William Lau)
- ETHZ (Michael Sprenger)
- ICIMOD (Bidya Banmali Pradhan, Pradeed Dangol )
- NAST
Publications For more information on the NCO-P station, please visit the following website:
http://evk2.isac.cnr.it/
ABC Pakistan South Asia is one of the most populated regions in the world with population densities of 100-500 persons km2, it is also experiencing the most rapid development and increasing demands for energy and mobility, industrial activities and vehicular traffic.
This leads to a growth of anthropogenic pollutant emissions, as pointed out in recent studies of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). These emissions increase the concentrations of aerosol, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors, promoting intense photochemical smog episodes and leading to the occurrence of the so-called Atmospheric Brown Clouds, particularly during the dry months . Studies concerning the Atmospheric Brown Clouds have shown that this polluted hazes blocks up to 15% of the sun's radiation causing a possible cooling of the ground and a heating of the atmosphere, which can affect monsoons and other rainfall patterns with negative consequences on the agriculture productivity. In particular, black carbon (BC) can impact on glacier’s life while ozone can damage cellular leaves in the forest ecosystem also favouring decreased carbon storage. Mountain areas are suitable sites for determining the “health conditions” of the atmosphere and where early detection of climate change is particularly effective. Thus, in these areas, continuous observations of atmospheric composition represent a fundamental aspect to well evaluate the impact of the human activities on the environment. In particular the Himalaya-Karakorum is an ideal site to study the vertical extension of the pollution over South Asia and its transport to Himalayan glaciers through the deep mountain valleys. Nevertheless, due to technical and logistic difficulties to carry out continuous measurements at high altitude, no systematic observations of atmospheric constituents were available in this area still now.
These reasons encourage Ev-K2-CNR to pursue the idea of creating a network of stations, in the framework of SHARE project, for studying climate and atmosphere. The first step of this action led to the installation, in collaboration with UNEP, of a remote monitoring station (the Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid) in the high South Himalayas.
Description The Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid (Nepal, 27.95N, 86.82E, 5079 m a.s.l.) has been installed in February 2006 in the high Khumbu Valley, above the timber line in a rocky and mossy environment not far from the base camp area of Mt. Everest. The Observatory is running in the framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds Project (ABC) of UNEP, and is part of AERONET network and WMO-GAW program. Since 2010 NCO-P is a global GAW station. The instrument set-up was defined in accordance with “ABC” Project standards (Ramanathan et al., 2006) and includes: (a) a surface ozone analyser, (b) a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer which measures aerosol light absorption also allowing the determination of the BC concentration in atmosphere, (c) a Differential/Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer to determine the aerosol size distribution from 10 to 500 nm, (d) an optical particle counter to complete the aerosol size distribution till 32 µm also allowing to reconstruction of aerosol mass, (e) a three wavelength integrating nephelometer to determine aerosol total and back scattering coefficients, (f) a sun photometer for measuring the aerosol optical depth, (g) a high volume aerosol sampler for chemical analyses, (h) a “clean” sampling device to collect grab air samples for halocarbons analyses, (i) a pyranometer for measuring the global solar irradiance, (j) a pirgeometer for measuring the downwelling infra-red irradiance, (k) a meteorological unit measuring temperature, pressure, relative humidity, rain, wind intensity and direction. The power needed to carry out the experimental activity (~ 3 kW) is provided by 96 photovoltaic panels with 120 electric storage cells. A satellite connection makes remote control of the devices and instrumentation possible so that operating instruments can be directly accessed from ISAC-CNR (Bologna, Italy) Headquarter. Quality control for instrumentation and data are continuously performed according to GAW-WMO, AERONET, EUSAAR, AGAGE and CEOP procedures. A second station of the SHARE network will be installed in Pakistan. Preliminary studies are currently ongoing in order to identify the most representative area in the Gilgit-Baltistan Region.
State of the art Besides proving an accurate description of the atmospheric background conditions over South Himalayas, the observations carried out at NCO-P since 2006 revealed that Brown Cloud “hot spots” can influence the high Himalayas during the pre-monsoon, with very high levels of BC, ozone, fine and coarse particles, and scattering coefficient. During this season 20% of the days were characterised by a strong Brown Cloud influence during the afternoon, leading to a 5-fold increased in the BC and PM1 values, in comparison with seasonal means. As deduced by NCO-P research activity, in average, about 20% of the year is characterized by synoptic transport events of mineral dust and that more than 50% coming from Tibetan Plateau and Lot and Tar Deserts. The presence of absorbing aerosol can locally induce an additional top of the atmosphere forcing of 10 to 20 Wm−2 for the first atmospheric layer inducing a substantial decrease of the amount of radiation reaching the surface. In spite of being located at the heart of a very remote area, the NCO-P is affected by advection of significant constituents of the Brown Cloud: BC, dust particles and ozone from the regions of southern Asia and the Indo-Gangetic plains, able to influence climate and the atmospheric radiative forcing. Similar studies are foreseen in the Karakorum - Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan where two AWSs were installed on the Baltoro glacier in order to provide further information on the atmospheric characteristics of this region.
Aims The main aims of SHARE-ABC Pilot Project can be summarized in 6 points:
- To characterize chemical, physical and optical properties of aerosol in Himalaya and Karakorum and study of related climatic impacts;
- To study the influence of ABC on atmospheric composition in the Himalaya and Karakorum.
- To study the influence of natural processes, such as mineral dust transport and stratospheric intrusions, on atmospheric composition in the Himalaya and Karakorum;
- To define the variability of climate-altering and reactive compounds in the Himalayan-Karakorum mountain regions (from the short to the long temporal scales)
- To study the interaction between Himalayan-Karakorum mountain ranges and atmospheric circulation (from the synoptic to the local scales)
- To study deposition processes of the absorbing fraction of aerosol particles and the related changes in snow-ice albedo
- Attaining these aims will allow to study the impacts on climate and atmosphere of the natural and anthropogenic phenomena at different time and space scales (global and regional), providing precious information in a very little known area. This information will be available for scientific community and for policy makers, in order to define strategies for mitigations and adaptations to climate change.
Program Within the framework of “UNEP-ABC” and “SHARE-ABC” and in connection to “SHARE-Paprika” and “Karakorum Trust II” Ev-K2-CNR projects it is proposed to extend the Himalaya-Karakorum network of stations through the set up of a Pakistan Climate Observatory in Karakoram (PCO-K). A Karakorum climate observatory is deemed extremely important for understanding environmental changes and impacts at local levels in these mountain regions as well as at regional and global levels. A preliminary investigation of the synoptic scale atmospheric circulation showed that North Pakistan is a suitable area to characterize the chemical composition of the atmosphere in order to estimate the transport of these compounds from Central Asia as well as the contribution of the westerly outflow to the regional and transcontinental flow of atmospheric compounds. Data from the automatic weather stations of Urdukas and Askole (located in the Baltoro region) have been analysed, providing useful hints about the existing interactions between meteorological and transport processes acting at local/regional and synoptic scales . The first step of atmospheric and meteorological characterisation in the Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan will employ a prototype of the SHARE-BOX, planned in 2011. These preliminary data will permit to evaluate the suitability of the site and to define the subsequent steps including the choice of the site in collaboration with PMD and other local partners.
Themes
- The long-term objectives of SHARE-ABC in Pakistan will be focused on the following themes:
- To define the background variability of climate-altering and atmospheric reactive compounds in the Karakorum.
- To determine how the physical, chemical, and optical properties of aerosol at high altitude in the Karakoram change as a function of the different types and origins of air masses during the seasons.
- To assess the aerosol chemical composition disentangling its anthropogenic and natural components.
- To determine how the aerosol size distribution and light scattering properties change during transport of polluted or mineral aerosol-rich air masses.
- To study the radiative forcing of aerosol particles at high altitude within different conditions (background, pollution and mineral dust transport).
- To study the role of air-mass transport to the variability of ozone and other trace gases in the free troposphere.
- Study of the deposition of absorbing particles on snow and ice surfaces and evaluation of the related impact on melting enhancement.
- Provide key information about atmospheric composition and processes and about meteorological conditions to SHARE – PAPRIKA Karakorum Ev-K2-CNR Project.
- Provide information about atmospheric composition and processes and about meteorological conditions to SEED Ev-K2-CNR Project.
Targets
- To determine the temporal trends of ozone and other climate altering gases.
- To determine the temporal trends of several aerosol parameters (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, black carbon, size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients).
- To identify contributions of stratospheric air-mass transport to the surface ozone concentration.
- To identify mineral dust transport from North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia, evaluate the mass contribution to PM10, their chemical composition and physico-chemical properties.
- To identify the contribution of polluted air mass transport (local, regional, long range) to the concentration of gaseous and particulate atmospheric compounds.
- To characterize the atmospheric background conditions at high elevation in Karakoram.
- To evaluate the direct radiative forcing variation linked to transport of air masses rich in natural - anthropogenic aerosol.
- To evaluate the relationship between atmospheric and snow/ice concentrations of absorbing aerosol in the Karakorum.
Partners
- CNR-ISAC (Paolo Bonasoni, Paolo Cristofanelli, Angela Marinoni, Rocco Duchi, Sandro Fuzzi, Stefano Decesari, Antonello Provenzale)
- CNRS-LGGE (Paolo Laj)
- ENEA (Giorgio Di Sarra)
- ETHZ (Michael Sprenger)
- PMD (Ghulam Rasul, Furrukh Bashir)
- GCISC (Qamar-Uz-Zaman Chaudry)
- KIU (Nahida Begum)
Publications
SNOW LEOPARD The present global warming has been the fastest increase in the average temperature of the Earth since the mid-20th century. An increase of global temperatures is causing broader ecological changes, with effects on plant and animal communities. High mountain ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climatic changes. Because of growing temperatures, plant species responding to higher temperatures may shift upwards, altering herbivore habitats, with probable consequences on distribution and numbers of mountain ungulates and, in turn, on carnivores. The Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal), located in monsoonal eastern Himalaya, is a key area where the effects of global warming on forests, ungulates and predators should be monitored. This Park is inhabited by a community of large mammals, with 2 large cats, the snow leopard Panthera uncia (endangered, IUCN Red List), returned to SNP as a breeding species in 2002-03, after 40 years ca. of irregular visits, and the common leopard Panthera pardus (near threatened), as well as 2 ungulate prey-species, the Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus (vulnerable) and the musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (endangered). The snow leopard occurs on open and steep terrain, with rocky ridges and gorges, at 3000-4500 m asl. The common leopard lives from much lower altitudes up to 4000 m, in the forest. If the Global Warming goes on, the upper tree line will keep moving upwards and will extend forested habitats, with a decrease of the open areas inhabited by the snow leopard and, at the same time, with an increase of suitable habitat for the common leopard, who, most likely, will outcompete the snow leopard. The general aim of this project is to predict how climate and forest/shrubland changes will determine spatial competition of common and snow leopards. The short and long term effects of the return of the snow leopard on its wild prey populations (Himalayan tahr, musk deer, large pheasants) will be assessed. The project will involve counts of snow leopards and common leopards and of their main/alternative prey (ungulates and large pheasants), as well as analyses of food habits, movements and habitat use of snow and common leopards.
Description This project has been centred on counts of snow leopards and common leopards, as well as those of their main/alternative prey. Analyses of food habits, movements and habitat use of snow and common leopards have also been included. The study area lies between Namche (3440 m a.s.l.) and Phortse (3849 m a.s.l.) villages, up to Gokyo Lake (4750 m a.s.l.), encompassing the upper catchment of the Dudh Kosi river, as well as the lower part of the Cho-Oyu Valley. Counts of snow leopards and common leopards have been carried out through DNA analyses from scats collected monthly along fixed itineraries (nearly 150 km). These analyses may assess species, individual and sex to which the faecal samples belong. Relative prey densities (ungulates/alternative prey, e.g. large pheasants: monal, blood pheasant, snowcock) have been estimated monthly, by counting individuals along fixed itineraries. Diets of leopards have been studied through scat analysis: prey are identified on the basis of hair micro-characters and other indigestible remains. Prey selection is estimated by comparing the relative abundance (availability) of main prey species with that found in the diet (use). Information on ranging movements and habitat use of leopards will be obtained through genetic analyses of scats, GIS analyses (satellite imagery, land-use vegetation maps) and, possibly, satellite radiotracking (pending permits).
State of the art Some 200 scats of snow leopard and 120 of common leopard have been used for DNA and for food habit analyses. In autumn, the young-to-female ratio of Himalayan tahr has fallen from ca. 0.8 to 0.2 (1991-2010), reducing the tahr population by 2/3. Sanitary analyses of blood samples from the tahr population showed that no relevant disease is present. Although the reproductive rate is close to 1 at the beginning of summer, 75% of kids disappears in the following 4 months. At the same time, the proportion of tahr in the diet of the snow leopard doubles, thus suggesting predation events. The use of the main food resources of the snow leopard and that of the common leopard overlap greatly, although habitat partitioning seems to occur. A population size assessment of large pheasants has also been carried out in the study area. In 2004-05, 38 individuals of tahr (28 males, 10 females) have been darted and individually ear-tagged, to estimate the mortality rate of the adult segment of the population.
Aims • Assessing short and long term effects of the return of the snow leopard as a breeding species in the SNP on its wild prey populations: Himalayan tahr, musk deer, large pheasants.
• Assessing “niche” separation and, possibly, spatial behaviour, of the common and the snow leopard.
• Building a stochastic model to estimate how climate and environmental changes will affect the spatial competition of common and snow leopards.
Program 2009-2010 • Counts of tahr, musk deer and pheasants; • counts of snow leopard and common leopard; • analyses of food habits of snow leopard and common leopard.
2011 • Counts of tahr, musk deer and pheasants; • counts of snow leopard and common leopard; • analyses of food habits of snow leopard and common leopard; • preliminary analyses and relations with environmental changes.
2012 • Counts of tahr, musk deer and pheasants; • counts of snow leopard and common leopard; • analyses of food habits of snow leopard and common leopard; • data analyses and estimate of effects of environmental changes.
Themes Counts of snow leopards, common leopards and their main prey.
Analyses of food habits of snow and common leopard.
Analysis of habitat use of snow and common leopard.
Targets • To estimate the present numbers of snow leopards, common leopards and Himalayan tahr in Sagarmatha National Park.
• To evaluate the overlap of habitat and that of food habits between the snow and the common leopards.
• To collect data on the movements and habitat use of the snow leopard, possibly through GIS analyses and, possibly, remote sensing (using satellite radiotracking data).
• To suggest adequate management measures to prevent/discourage predation of the snow leopard on livestock.
Partners Publications
CEOP-HE Description State of the art Aims Program Themes Targets Partners Publications
SEED-BANK The Indian subcontinent is one of the areas of the world’s richest in biodiversity (25000 species of vascular plants estimated), with natural vegetation ranging from tropical evergreen rain forest to alpine vegetation. Himalaya is considered of special importance for its concentration of plant diversity and endemisms (Hot spot of biodiversity). Nepal counts on its territory a very rich flora (about 6500 species). The entire Indian subcontinent is interested by an impressive loss of biodiversity due to various factor: deforestation, over-intensive grazing, soil erosion, environmental pollution, change in land use. At these factors is now also added the effect of global change and in particular climate, with important consequences expected in medium-long term, even if few studies and prevision are now available.
Description The aim of the unity of “Plant Biodiversity” is to study the Sagarmatha National Park flora (Mountain Everest area), with particular attention to alpine and nival species, to establish a list of the plants locally growing, mostly at highest altitude, their current location and the attempt to make prediction about the future distribution, in relation to seed dispersion and germination capacity, topography, altitude and climatic conditions, at present and expected in the future. We want to understand in advance the effects of climate changes on flora presence and distribution that will occur in the Himalayas in the next years (moving up of species, extinctions). Last but not least we want to evaluate the ability of these seeds to survive over time outside of their natural habitat, in high-tech structures that normally allow the storage of seeds and embryo for a long time (seeds bank).
State of the art The activities, started in the field in autumn 2010, for the time were limited to an exploration of the area of interest. Data loggers, sensors for the detection of soil temperature were positioned along an altitudinal gradient. A preliminary list of species was drawn up (with the help of Nepali researchers of the Tribhuvan University). The populations of three target species, that may be of interest for predictive models of climate change, have been accurately mapped using GPS, and than processing them with GIS. The phenology and growth sites of medicinal (mostly subalpine) and also of alpine and nival species have been annotated using GPS, in order to return in future to collect seeds of endangered and interesting species.
Aims The main objective is to understand the response of high altitude Himalayan flora to climate change occurring in our planet, and the impact of these on plant diversity in Sagarmatha National Park (Sagarmatha=Everest), the “roof of the world”. Another project’s aim is to contribute to halt the biodiversity lost in the Himalayan area, setting up and operating a new seed bank in Nepal devoted to wild plants, so that seeds of endangered species can be studied and locally preserved. A future key step will be the training of Nepalese staff, in order to make them self- maintaining the structure of seeds storage and also to carry out studies on seeds longevity and conservation of Himalayan alpine and medicinal plants.
Program Understand the possible present and mostly future impact of climate changes on the alpine and nival flora of the Himalayas, in the target region of Mount Everest in Nepal.
Themes Climate changes, Himalayan flora, Biodiversity, Conservation, Seed germination, Seed Banking, Wild plants, Capacity building.
Targets
- Understanding the impact of climate change on Himalayan alpine and nival flora (4500-5500 m).
- To stop the biodiversity loss in the Himalayas setting up a seed bank in Nepal.
- Studying germination of the alpine Himalayan species, in relationship with climate change expected effects.
Partners
- Staff of the Lombardy seed Bank (University of Pavia, Regional Centre for Flora Conservation CFA of the Lombardy Region-Italy): Simone Orsenigo, Andrea Mondoni
- NAST (Nepal Academy of Science and Technology)
Publications
STELVIO The SHARE STELVIO project was developed by a group of researchers of the University of Milan, the Politecnico of Milan and CNR of Italy in the frame of the SHARE and the SHARE ITALY Projects promoted and managed by Ev-K2-CNR.
The program is supported by the Lombardy Region under the umbrella of an agreement between the Lombardy Region and a regional research foundation: FLA (Lombardy Foundation for the Environment). The project aims at detecting and quantifying climate change evidences and effects on a sensible area located in the Italian Alps: The Stelvio National Park – Lombardy sector (600 km2 of area).
The study site (Stelvio National Park)was chosen for the following reasons:
- its “strategic” location on the Central-Eastern Alpine sector, able to be reached by southern fluxes and close to the northern Alpine Italian boundary
- it is a sensible and fragile area (glaciers cover 40 km2, 8 SCIs (Sites of Community Importance) are present, here bio and geo diversity are peculiar, the water resource plays a key role for natural systems and human use)
- it includes several environmental benchmarks: glaciers inserted in the WGMS -World Glacier Monitoring Service- list of surveyed glaciers; a hole in the permafrost 100 m deep in the frame of the PACE project; a SHARE ITALY station for monitoring glacier and meteo conditions (the latter now inserted in the CEOP - Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project- GEWEX network).
Description The SHARE STELVIO project is composed by 3 main WPs developed by the University and CNR researchers and managed by Ev-K2-CNR Committee and 2 WPs developed and managed by the Foundation. The project is scheduled according to a three-year-long program which will be carried out by the several research units in close cooperation. Each WP is devoted to study and deepen specific topics and its results will permit to reach the main research aim (i.e.: to analyse the atmosphere and climate variability and their effects on water resources). The three WPs managed by Ev-K2-CNR are focusing on:
- WP 1: cryosphere variability due to ongoing climate change and effects on meltwater runoff
- WP 2: climate change impacts on fresh water resources (i.e.: rivers and lakes) deepening the analysis of their features
- WP 3: atmosphere variability and its relations with climate change; analysis of the atmospheric impacts on cryosphere and hydrosphere.
A strong cooperation and synergy is characterizing the project activities; in fact several links are present among the different project sectors (e.g..: atmosphere changes impacts both on water resources and cryosphere, on the other hand the cryosphere variability influences meltwater runoff, etc..).
State of the art The Alps due to their geographical location and configuration are interesting regions for many climate and environmental studies (Beniston, 2003; Battarbee et al., 2002; Lami & Boggero, 2006); these mountains, in fact, are at a “climatic crossroads" that include oceanic, continental, polar, Mediterranean and, on occasion, Saharan influences. Moreover the temperature change in the Alps is more marked than on a global or hemispheric scale (Diaz & Bradley, 1997).
The Lombardy sector of the Stelvio National Park (about 600 km2 of area) is among the most interesting Alpine sites where to perform environmental studies devoted to deepen our knowledge on Climate Change and its effects. Here several researchers have been studying cryosphere, vegetation and fauna to detect early impacts of Climate Change. Cryosphere in particular is surely a dominant element characterizing the Park.
As regards permafrost, at the Stelvio-Livrio site (3000 m) since 1998 is active a borehole, performed in the framework of the international project PACE (Guglielmin, 2004; Harris et al., 2003) and equipped with thermistors and data loggers from the surface up to 100.3 m of depth. Thermal data indicate a possible permafrost base (cryopeg) located at about 200 m of depth or more, a very deep value for the Alps which suggests to focus here further investigations.
Moreover in the Park are also present several rock glaciers, among the most interesting periglacial landforms (Smiraglia, 1985; 1987; Guglielmin, 1997) which whenever active are characterized by an ice core driving their dynamics and preserving important information on past environmental and climate history (Guglielmin et al., 2004; Stenni et al., 2007).
As regards glaciers, in the park 50 ice bodies are present covering about 40 km2. Among the others, Forni, at 12 km2 of area the largest Italian valley glacier. Its recent changes underlined a strong relation with regional and global climate evolution (Pelfini & Smiraglia, 1997; Smiraglia et al., 2007; Smiraglia et al., 2008); in addition this glacier was also inserted in the GOSITES list (Diolaiuti & Smiraglia, 2010), a list including all the geomorphological systems to be protected due to their high scientific, environmental and aesthetic values.
On Forni Glacier since 2005 has been running the first Italian supraglacial automatic weather station (Citterio et al., 2007). The data collected were useful to model glacier energy and mass exchanges and to describe local micro-meteorology (Diolaiuti at al., 2009; Senese et al., 2010). Not only large glaciers are important for environmental studies; in fact, in the Park also smaller ones revealed important information. Among the others the Sforzellina Glacier (about 0.4 km2 of area) permitted to reconstruct the recent Alpine cryosphere dynamics (Smiraglia & Catasta, 1992; Diolaiuti et al., 2001; Diolaiuti et al., 2002) and it revealed a strong relation with dynamics and evolution of closer biological systems like glacier foreland vegetation (Cannone et al., 2008). Moreover cryosphere in the Park also influences the evolution of rivers, streams and lakes supplied by snow and ice melt. Preliminary studies were performed in this research sector (Forasacco, 2001) which suggested to deepen the scientific investigations in particular on newly formed lakes which are environmental witnesses of local and global climate changes. As regards climate evolution, some studies were performed in the Park area or nearby to analyse temperature and precipitations trends (Cannone et al., 2007; Cannone et al., 2008; Bocchiola and Diolaiuti, 2010) which underlined clear evidences of climate changes.
Aims Significant orographic features occupy close to 25% of continental surfaces (Kapos et al., 2000) and, although only about 26% of the world's population resides within mountains or in the foothills of the mountains (Meybeck et al., 2001), mountain-based resources indirectly provide sustenance for over half. Moreover, 40% of global population lives in the watersheds of rivers originating in various mountains of the world. Although mountains differ considerably from one region to another, one common characteristic is the complexity of their topography. Orographic features include some of the sharpest gradients found in continental areas. Related characteristics include rapid and systematic changes in climatic parameters, in particular temperature and precipitation, over very short distances (Becker & Bugmann, 1997). Since climate changes rapidly with height over relatively short horizontal distances, so do hydrology and vegetation (Whiteman, 2000). As a consequence, mountains exhibit high geo and bio diversities. As climate exerts a fundamental control on many biological, physical and chemical systems in mountains, it is of interest to assess here the climate-induced effects (Beniston, 2003). Since June 1992 the United Nations Environment and Development Conference (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro) has included mountainous areas among the systems most sensible to climatic changes, and Chapter 13 of Agenda 21 states the importance of mountains in the global ecosystem. The Alps, in particular, due to their geographical location and configuration, are interesting regions for many climate and environmental studies; these mountains, in fact, are at a “climatic crossroads" that include oceanic, continental, polar, Mediterranean and, on occasion, Saharan influences. Moreover the temperature change in the Alps is more marked than on a global or hemispheric scale. The warming experienced on the Alps since the early 1980s, while synchronous with warming at the global scale, is however of far greater amplitude, which represents roughly a two-fold amplification of the global climate signal (Diaz & Bradley, 1997).
Program During the three-year-long project WP 1 will focus on cryosphere (i.e.: snow, ice and permafrost) spatial and temporal variability to find relations with climate. For such purpose the local network of benchmark glaciers will be extended and new instruments and automatic stations will also be added for measuring ice and snow properties and meltwater runoff. Several field campaigns are scheduled for collecting data to calibrate and validate analytical models able to describe magnitude and rates of ice and snow melting. In addition the researchers will focus on permafrost. To evaluate its magnitude and its recent variability a deep hole (> 200 m) will be drilled in the Stelvio Park area. In the same period, WP 2 will focus on fresh water resources (i.e.: rivers and lakes) to describe their chemical, physical and biological features and to look for relations with recent atmosphere, climate and cryosphere variability. WP 3 will perform field campaigns and data modelling. The researchers from CNR ISAC and LGGE-CNRS will analyse atmosphere composition, dynamics and variability and their effects on cryosphere and hydrosphere. A monitoring network will be installed according to the GAW and EUSAAR protocols to collect data over long time frames; in addition specific air samplings will be performed to acquire data useful for understanding specific atmospheric processes.
Themes The SHARE STELVIO project is scheduled according to a three-year-long program which will be carried out by the several research units (WP 1, WP 2 and WP 3 linked to Ev-K2-CNR Committee) in close cooperation. This will join competences in the several required fields of investigation. The fields of investigation span from glaciology and cryospheric sciences (UNIMI and UNINSUBRIA for field experiments and remote sensing investigation of spatial and temporal variability of snow and ice melt, influencing the water budgets of the studied areas), to hydrology (POLIMI for water budgets and water resources exploitation, CNR IRSA and ISE for water quality), meteorology, climatology and atmospheric sciences (CNR ISAC and the Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement (LGGE-CNRS), UNICATT and FLA), applied statistics (for local trend assessment), to data assimilation, biology and ecology (CNR IRSA and ISE, FLA).
Targets
- WP 1 – Ev-K2-CNR is devoted to study the alpine cryosphere (snow, glaciers and permafrost), its recent variability and changes and their impacts and effects on runoff of meltwater rivers
- WP 2 – Ev-K2-CNR is focused on the analysis of the quality and features of the Park waters collected into rivers, lakes, and effimerous and / or temporary ponds
- WP 3 - EvK2CNR is aimed at studying atmosphere (composition, dynamics, variability and effects on the cryosphere) and includes the installation and running of a monitoring strategy according to the quality standards of GAW and EUSAAR networks
- WP 4 – FLA will complete WP3 and will focus on the impacts on the Park ecosystems of atmospheric variability
- WP 5 – FLA will be devoted to dissemination activities.
Partners WP 1 – Ev-K2-CNR (local research managers: Guglielmina Diolaiuti and Claudio Smiraglia)
It includes the following operative units: -Glaciers, managed by PhD Guglielmina Diolaiuti and Prof. Claudio Smiraglia, University of Milano -Hydrology, managed by PhD Ing Daniele Bocchiola, and Prof. Renzo Rosso, DIIAR Politecnico of Milano -Permafrost, managed by Prof Mauro Guglielmin, Università of Insubria, Varese, Italy
WP 2 – Ev-K2-CNR (local research managers: Andrea Lami and Gianni Tartari)
It includes the following operative units: -CNR ISEmanaged by PhD Andrea Lami -CNR IRSA managed by Dr. Gianni Tartari
WP 3 - Ev-K2-CNR (local managers: Angela Marinoni and Paolo Bonasoni)
It includes the following operative units: -CNR ISAC Bologna managed by PhD Angela Marinoni and PhD Paolo Bonasoni -Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement (LGGE-CNRS) managed by PhD Paolo Laj
WP 4 –FLA (local managers: Antonio Ballarin Denti and Dr. Mita Lapi)
It includes the following operative units: -FLA managed by Porf. Antonio Ballarin Denti and Dr. Mita Lapi) -POLIMI managed by Prof. Marino Gatto
WP5 –FLA managed by Prof. Antonio Ballarin Denti and Dr. Mita Lapi
Publications
ARCHIVIO CAROTE Description State of the art Aims Program Themes Targets Partners Publications
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